British Steel by Judas Priest free essay sample

The British Steel album by Judas Priest is fast, exciting, and focused on the idea of living why you can. Alibet, the band abandons the darker themes they had previously created through past albums, it keeps the interest sparked with the lyrics and the great sound. Its the music that creates the feel of being alive, and it gets the adrenaline pumping. The song Breaking the Law has created an amazing opening to the album. The fast paced song makes the band seem a little more on the edge. United and Living After Midnight are also some of the more extraordinary songs as they represent the more fun filled part of the album. Around the time this album was being made one of the band members was actually gay and getting ready to tell the world, only being different was not yet accepted. Not only was it their first song to be written by current members of the band, but it also featured their amazing drummer Dave Holland. We will write a custom essay sample on British Steel by Judas Priest or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The musicality and chemistry between the band members is evident through these songs as the lead singer Al Atkins and the guitarists compliment each other as the drums in the background match each other beautifully. Although the band members are not the original members of the band, Judas Priest manages to stay true to their rock and roll nature.

Using Informatics in the Clinical Setting free essay sample

Using Informatics in the Clinical Setting NURS-6015, Section 3, Information and Healthcare Technologies Applied to Nursing Practice June 12, 2011 Using Informatics in the Clinical Setting Information technology, the interpretation and management of information using computers to analyze data, is not a new concept. Computers assist people day-to-day, from simple budgeting using a home computer, to larger management of government budgets and programs. The healthcare industry, especially nursing, has been slow in embracing available technology (Simpson, 2005). Daily, nurses gather data, turn their data into information, and, analyze the information using evidence-based medicine to provide patient care. Computers provide an effective and faster way to process information, share the knowledge derived from the information, and add evidence to the nursing role (Hebda Czar, 2009). The purpose of this paper is, to evaluate the use of informatics in my clinical area and suggest areas of improvement. Streamlining Paperwork Paperwork will always be a part of any health care industry. As informatics evolves, we will undoubtedly find ways to omit paper records altogether. However, there are many times when providing paperwork is necessary: in discharges from hospitals or urgent care settings, visit summaries after office appointments, and for consents requiring signatures. Paperwork is also necessary, when attending meetings where discussion of reports, management of the department, and consideration of future needs of the work area or patients include many participants. Of course, all of this information will undoubtedly end up in a database. In my clinical setting, we have electronic medical records (EMR’s), interoffice email, and instant messaging which alleviates the clutter of paperwork. Many times, before nurse planning meetings, our administrative assistant will make copies of the agenda items, and distribute them prior to the meetings. All of us have this information in our email accounts. However, when it comes time to meet about these items, we need the printed document to participate and take notes. The nurse informaticist needs to be the leader in implementing the use of tools that are cost effective, streamline care and coordination: all without the inconvenience of clutter (American Nursing Association, 2008). One proposal is to have an overhead of the data or reports we are discussing, and participants can take notes they deem pertinent, without the waste of many paper printouts going into the trash. Communication Most people believe communication is generally two or more people talking, or people writing and receiving letters (Dobkin Pace, 2006). With the increasing use of informatics, primarily EMR’s, communication is evolving. In the clinical setting, we have many patients who can access many parts of their EMR online. They review lab results, send and receive messages to and from their healthcare team, and review topics concerning their diagnoses. In 2004, a part of President Bush’s State of the Union address, concerning EMR’s, made it clear that integration of a fully functioning EMR should be in place and operable by 2014 (Speedie Davies, 2006, Suppl). Currently, the company for which I work strives to deliver information to providers, staff and patients, which are evidence-based. By providing evidence-based care, and utilizing an EMR, the nurse can provide sound care, plan patient outcomes, receive alerts for medication management, health maintenance, and the healthcare team has current information available day or night. This is especially important in the management of patient care where multiple parties are responsible for the health and well-being of the patient (HIMSS Nursing Informatics Awareness Task Force, 2007). Having worked for this company for ten years prior to their implementation of the EMR, I know we are moving forward in communication ability. A few years ago, after taking seriously, nurses being involved in the implementation of EMR’s, we have realized positive changes: duplication of information, medication errors related to allergies, and delay in reconciling information after hospital stays has been reduced. Clinical Resources Decision Support Tools Making decisions for patient care, as nurses, is a daily undertaking. Now, more than ever, we encounter patients who bring information to us pertaining to their disease processes. Many times, the patient searches the Internet, looking for the answer they want to have about their health, and not the accurate answer. Management of information is critical for the nurse and, thus, the patient in order to provide quality care (Boyd Catt, 2007). I am fortunate to work within a system of evidence-based practice and evidence-based care. Decision support tools are available for most patient needs. Discussing reliable versus unreliable information with the patient makes the discussion easier with these tools. Patients also have access to a medical encyclopedia at the website from which they access their medical record. Unfortunately, reliable links to health information, for patients who crave more knowledge, are not available here. Having additional information links for the patient, can corroborate the information they already have, thus providing peace of mind. Seeing patients for various colds, sinus, throat and ear concerns, is a daily assignment in our clinical setting. Standing orders for procedures, tests, and medications are available for the nurses, which are in place, because of evidence-based practice, care, and medicine. A patient, after nurse assessment for example, who meets the criteria for sinusitis treatment, receives education and medications where appropriate. The clinicians, using support tools for these purposes, delegate testing, diagnosis of the condition, and medication ordering. Decision tools regarding medications pop up on a screen to aid in choosing the appropriate treatment based on the patient’s current allergies, medications, and company formulary. Finally, any prescription ordered, gives an alert if there is potential for an adverse outcome, for instance, regarding impairment in renal function. Informatics Aiding Patients Contribution to Patient Safety Now, more than ever, patients are becoming active participants in their health. Gone are the days where a patient would not dream of challenging a doctor’s word and patients were not consumers of health information. Patients have become consumers of health information as the Internet provides a potentially unending vat of information. Clinicians are challenged by the scale of power leaning toward the patient (Wald, Dube, Anthony, 2007). Informatics can assist the health care team in providing a patient with reliable resources based on their individual health needs. Nurses must engage the patient Internet consumer in accessing reliable data while not alienating or downplaying their efforts in being a participant to their health care (Hebda Czar, 2009). Keeping the patient safe is a primary advocacy role of the nurse, and information technology adds another layer to patient supervision and education. In my clinical setting, we have many resources and guidelines that we use to identify patient needs. Many of these guidelines have resources, other than the clinicians who write them, for our regional use. Many times, patients will call wanting to try a new medication, procedure, or a friend has made a recommendation to them regarding a particular health topic. Research shows that EMR’s have a positive effect on patient safety (Parente McCullough, 2009). At our fingertips, in the clinic, we have the patient’s EMR, and a mass of information to assist in educating the patient. One size does not fit all, and a patient calling because a friend told her a candy bar diet is the best weight loss program in the world, needs some intervention. While this is extreme, a diabetic patient may not take into account their dietary needs in general. When a patient voices interest and determination in starting a dangerous diet, the information the informatics team provides us with, helps to move the patient in a healthier direction. Summary Informatics is here to stay, and nurses should rejoice. Never before has so much information been available to nurses, and provided by nurses. Communication is paramount to patient safety, and knowledge of current evidence-based plans of care will give the nursing community the voice it needs to maintain all aspects of patient care (HIMSS Nursing Informatics Awareness Task Force, 2007). Education of the patient begins with education of the nurses who disseminate information daily. EMR’s are only one part of the bigger picture of informatics. Having the clinical tools to further nursing practice and patient education can result in better patient outcomes, patient satisfaction, and nursing satisfaction. Patients trust nurses to answer the unanswerable, find the information they cannot find, and validate their feelings regarding their state of health. Maintaining the informatics community, by nurses owning a part of the community, will strengthen our ability to care for our patients and their families by using evidence-based medicine and plans. References American Nursing Association. (2008). Nursing informatics: Scope and standards of practice. Silver Springs, MD: Nursebooks. org. Boyd, G. , Catt, D. (2007, April). Talking IT through. Emergency Nurse, 15(1), 8-11. Retrieved from http://emergencynurse. rcnpublishing. o. uk/ Dobkin, B. , Pace, R. (2006). Communication in a Changing World. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill. Hebda, T. , Czar, P. (2009). Handbook of informatics for nurses healthcare professionals (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. HIMSS Nursing Informatics Awareness Task Force. (2007). An emerging giant: Nursing informatics. Nursing Management, 38(3), 3 8-42. doi:10. 1097/01. NUMA. 0000262 926. 85304. a6 Parente, S. , McCullough, J. (2009). Health information technology and patient safety: Evidence from panel data. Health Affairs, 28(2), 357-360. doi:10. 1377/hlthaff. 28. 2. 357 Simpson, R. (2005). From tele-ed to telehealth: the need for IT ubiquity in nursing. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 29(4), 344-348. Retrieved from http://journals. lww. com/naq journal/pages/default. aspx Speedie, S. , Davies, D. (2006, Suppl). Telehealth and the national health information technology strategic framework. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 12(Supplement 2), 59-64. doi:10. 1258/135763306778393144 Wald, H. , Dube, C. , Anthony, D. (2007). Untangling the web—The impact of Internet use on health care and the physician–patient relationship. Patient Education and Counseling, 68(3), 218-224. doi:10. 1016/j. pec. 2007. 05. 016

IB History IA Essay Example

IB History IA Paper Memoirs and History journals a re mostly used to analyze the torture methods of the French. Two Of the sources used in the essay, The Question a written memoir by Henry Allege, The Battle of the Casaba written by General Paul Secretaries will then be evaluated for their origins,purposes, values, and limitations. Word Count: 124 3 B. Summary of Evidence There were roughly 60,000 French troops in Algeria when the war began on t he night of November 1, 1954. Battle of Algiers, one of the bloodiest battles of the war began on September 30, 1956 and lasted until the 24th of September the following year, 1957. There were roughly FL N casualties (dead or missing), and 300 dead, 900 wounded French casualty sees. ; On July 3,1962 France recognized Algeria as an independent country. At the end of the war there were roughly 25,000 French casualties (killed in AC Zion,accidents,or by disease, 3,600 European civilian deaths (killed or missing) , 155,000 Algeria n casualties (ALAN) , and roughly 50,000 Muslim casualties, 2. The PLAN Windrow, M. (2013). Algerian War 1 95462. Osprey Publishing (part of Random House Publisher Services). The FLY (The army of National Liberation) called for general insurrection in N bomber, 1954. The FLY was a movement that was created from previous nationalist factions. ; The regional leader for Algeria was Rabat Bit. ; The FL N was divided into autonomous polychromatic commands, or Waylays . Each Wilily was made up of senior officers or commanders. 3. We will write a custom essay sample on IB History IA specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on IB History IA specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on IB History IA specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer French Army By 1 955, the French army had roughly 74,000 troops in Algeria and it grew to about 1 05,000 after reinforcements were called in July of that year. 4 They were divided in 3 corps commands all over Algeria (The corps dreamer d Roan, dealer, and De Constantine. About 20,000 Muslims and 20,000 conscripts served in Algeria in Derailleur info try regiments and autonomous battalions. 4. French Torture and Terrorism ; Outdoor, T. , Denned, A. (2007). Torture in the Algerian War. South Central Review, 24 1826. Page 19 Colonel Roger Trinities admitted that the use of torture was necessary at Tim especially when many lives were at stake: Imagine, he says, that you have just arrested a bomber who has planted five time bombs and you find out that they have be en set to go off in three hours. Basically, you have a choice: you can be polite and ask the bomb ere nicely to tell you where he put the bombs, but if you do that, you may wind up with forty d dead and two endured wounded people on your hands; or you can torture him to find out where the bombs are so that you can deactivate them. If its up to me, Im going to interrogate him until he tells me what I want to know. 1826. Page 20 According to the article The main use of torture is to identify and eliminate the enemy ; it is far more commonly used for that purpose than to prevent an IM eminent attack (although admittedly, one can make a more compelling case, at least rhetoric ally, by citing the latter goal. The French did not torture the e nemy for just answers but to try and eliminate e them while acquiring information. Cohen, W. (2001 The Sudden Memory of Torture: The Algerian War in French Discourse, 20002001. French Politics, Culture Society, 19 8294. They [Algerian] kill one French soldier , we kill 10 Algerian. 5 Cohen, W. (2001). The Sudden Memory of Torture: The Algerian War in French (3), 8294. The French had many ways of torturing Algerian prisoners , for example a French draftee describes how the y would use a method of electricity, The French would electrocute the prisoners testicles an d keep doing so until he gave enough information which than he would be shot. The torture techniques during the AR was seen as Magazine.

The Prince

The Prince had no actual characters, but instead discussed and analyzed the political policies of political leaders, highlighting their faults and strengths. The setting was 1513 Europe. This is the same time when major areas were having power struggles and religious conflict was rampant. His tone is that of the ambitious leader. It conveys the thoughts of one who knows how to gain and maintain power. Though this is true, the thoughts are built upon principalities probably learned by way of many mistakes made by one who will never again be in the position to imply his theorems and strategies. Machiavelli's own ruthless mind probably served as the bases for him knowing the ways of the corrupt. The thesis seems to be that the ends justify the means. Chapters such as the one describing "How one should govern cities or principalities that, before being conquered, used to live under their own laws" show Machiavelli's thirst for power and highlights a stressed point of his. This point is that one must learn how to maintain power before gaining it for it can be as easily lost as gained. It was conveyed in his writings that even minor power is more useful if it can be maintained, where major power that cannot be maintained is a mere missed opportunity. This dissertation stressed the maintaining of power because it was written from Machiavelli to His Magnificence Lorenzo de' Medici, a figure whom was already holding power. "It is better to be feared than loved," is a popular extraction from Machiavelli's dissertation. He stated, "Men are less hesitant about offending or harming a ruler who makes himself loved than one who inspires fear. For love is sustained by a bond of gratitude which, because men are excessively self-interested, is broken whenever they see a chance to benefit themselves. But fear is sustained by a dread of punishment that is always effective." Machiavelli went on to discuss the strategies of r

The Libyan Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Libyan Civil War - Essay Example Libya became an independent state with the enactment of its constitution in 1949 and the crowning of Muhammad Idris as Libya’s first king two years later. The regime of Idris dissolved in 1969 when Col. Muammar Qaddafi suddenly appropriated power-abolishing monarchy by changing the constitution with the establishment of Libyan Arab Republic (Joy, 2011, p.1). A Muslim Nasserite, Qaddafi held strong feelings against the western countries and started various anti west policies such as expelling the western military personnel and Libya being a prime resource of oil Qaddafi cut loose dealings and imposed several restrictions with the western world regarding the dealings in oil industry (Ogunbadejo, 1983). Qaddafi participated in the civil wars in Chad and there was an attempted assassination on him by the US troops. Al Qaida also believed that Qaddafi followed anti Islamic law and tensions aroused in Libya followed by civil wars. The Libyan uprising that started in February 2011 ap pears to be the most serious challenge faced by Qaddafi in his 42-year-old rule. Thus, it is an intrastate conflict which was internationalized owing to the issues concerned and later peace making attempts (Anderson, 1984; Thackrah, 2008) Social, political, economic and socio-cultural context The main centre of conflict culminated in the city of Benghazi located in the eastern Cyrenaican region of Libya following anti-establishment movements. In the past, also there have been conflicts in eastern Libya, which was also the center of rebellions against Ottoman and Italian rule many times. From Benghazi, the revolt spread like fire while Qaddafi ordered his troops to suppress the rebellion and he announced the intention to â€Å"fight to the last drop of blood† and also further added that the rebels were â€Å"nothing more than Al Qaeda extremists, addled by hallucinogens slipped into their milk and Nescafà ©Ã¢â‚¬ e† (Joy, April, 2011 p.2). Ruler Qaddafi followed an anti American policy, but he contributed greatly for the development of the people of Libya. For instance, he built a magnificent irrigation system in this arid desert land of Libya with an estimated budget of around $40 billion dollars, which provided ample water supply in this arid land. He was also successful in alleviating poverty and helped people attain sustainable standards of living in contrast with the subhuman conditions prevailing in its sub Saharan counterparts like Nigeria, Angola, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea. However, the main agenda behind the culmination of the conflict was that the people of Libya wanted change and were rigorously desperate for achieving fundamental freedom rather than economic or social freedom. Qaddafi himself overthrew the monarchy rule of King Idris in 1969 and established democracy that he failed to apply in his 42-year rule in the country, which he executed like his private business, and this became the centre point for the civil war in Libya (The Libyan conflict in perspective, March 7, 2011). Causes of conflict: Structural causes of conflict and Qaddafis’ domination The root cause of the conflict in Libya can be attributed to the negligence of the civil rights and

Create a critical review of an article which has made a significant Essay

Create a critical review of an article which has made a significant contribution to the field of business strategy - Essay Example During the contemporary period, it can be seen that organizations operate in a dynamic environment that is characterised by various changes such as the use of digital technology in communication. For instance, Bharadwaj et al (2013), states that â€Å"In a digitally intensive world, firms operate in business ecosystems that are intricately intertwined such that digital business strategy cannot be conceived independently of the business ecosystem, alliances, partnerships, and competitors.† This shows that digital technology has revolutionized the communication landscape and this has a bearing on the operations of any organization. This entails that organizations should also be revolutionary in their strategy formulation in order for them to keep pace with the changes that take place in the environments in which they operate. Since the business environment in which organizations operate is not static, it can be seen that strategy formulation should be an ongoing process. ... Strategy is not all about how it is implemented in business but about how well it is formulated. A poorly formulated strategy is likely to yield poor results as a result of the fact that it may be difficult to implement in the company. When formulating a strategy, different people in the organization should be involved in this process since they can also contribute revolutionary ideas. Strengths of the article The main strength of the article is that it highlights the significant of strategizing the company and it also tries to differentiate it from planning. These two concepts are often confused since they are not synonymous. A company that has strategies in place is in a better position to operate viably since it can revolutionize its operations to meet the changing demands of the environment in which the organizations operate. The other strength of the article is that it clearly states that strategy formulation should not be tied to the aspect of experience since this deprives org anizations the opportunity to revolutionize their operations. The other aspect is that organizations operate in dynamic environments that are constantly changing. This entails that the way we think should not be static as well but it should be revolutionary since it helps the people involved to generate new ideas that can revolutionise the operations of the organization. The other strength of the article is that it highlights the weaknesses that are often encountered in strategy formulation. For instance, the some people think that strategy formulation is a preserve of senior managers in the company alone. However, this misconception often leads to different

Nanocrystalline Diamond Coating around Sphere Analysis

Nanocrystalline Diamond Coating around Sphere Analysis Mechanical Properties and Uniformity of Nanocrystalline Diamond coating around Sphere Hongyun Chen Nanocrystalline diamond coatings were deposited on spheres used for ball bearing. The nanocrystalline coatings with a grain size of 50nm were confirmed by the surface morphology and composition analysis. The hardness of the coating is 20-40GPa tested by nanoindentation, which is higher than that of tungsten carbide and silicon nitride substrates. The coating around the sphere observed from the Micro CT images is uniform with a thickness of 12ÃŽ ¼m. keywords: solid lubricating coating, nanocrystalline diamond, mechanical properties Introduction Mechanical parts are often used under extreme environment such as high temperature, large load, radioactive and high vacuum, and so on. A wear-resistant, lubricating coating can protect the mechanical parts and ensure their reliability under these extreme conditions1, 2. The advantages of diamond coating with high hardness, high elastic modulus, outstanding wear resistance, low friction coefficient and good chemical stability make it to be an expected solid lubricating coating3, 4. The protective coating, e.g. diamond like carbon (DLC) coating deposited on metals and some other materials can protect the interface of the metals from crack, but also reduce the frictional wear of the opposing surface due to the excellent tribological properties such as extremely low friction and wear resistance. Costa et al5. deposited (DLC) coating with a thickness of 2ÃŽ ¼m on silicon and carbonitride using pulsed-DC discharge and studied the tribological behavior of DLC coating. Their results showed that the increase in surface roughness reduced the friction coefficient, and wear rate of the carbonitride as the interlayer decreased three orders compared to that of silicon. Xie et al6. grew DLC coating with 600nm thickness on silicon wafer using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD). It seemed that surface roughness, adhesion and debris accumulation collectively affected the frictional behavior while the tribological behavior of DLC coating mainly depended on the co ating and its adhesion to the substrate. Gruen et al7. successfully deposited the nanocrystalline diamond coating with average grain size of 5-13nm on silicon at 750à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ by MPCVD. After that, there were much investigation of the nanocrystalline diamond coating, but the nanocrystalline diamond coating grown on the spheres are very few. B Lunn et al8. from Hull University deposited micro diamond coating with thickness of 3ÃŽ ¼m on a sintered carbide (6%Co) ball of 15mm in diameter with a special support system in a hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) chamber. The present work focused on that nanocrystalline diamond coatings were deposited on the sintered carbide spheres and silicon nitride spheres used for ball bearing to improve the wear-resistance. The mechanical properties and uniformity of the coating were evaluated by Micro CT and nano indenter. Experimental By rotating the substrate holder, uniform diamond coatings around spherical substrates with 1-3mm diameter were deposited by a lab-made MPCVD reactor. Tungsten carbide (WC-6 wt.% Co) spheres and silicon nitride spheres were pitched up as the substrates. The cobalt as the adhesive of tungsten carbide would convert the diamond into graphite, resulting in decrease in adhesion between coating and substrate. So firstly diluted nitric acid was used for processing the tungsten carbide spheres in order to selectively remove the cobalt of the surface9. Then, the spheres were scratched using 1-10ÃŽ ¼m diamond powders by ultrasonic method, and rinsed in alcohol and dried prior to deposition. The nanocrystalline diamond coating was deposited for 20-60h at following parameters: total gas pressure was 4KPa, microwave power was 1400W, the substrate temperature was 870à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, 2.2% methane diluted in hydrogen. The Raman spectroscopy (LabRAM HR, HORIBA Jobin Yvon S.A.S, France) with a laser as light sources (wavelength 532nm) was used to analyze the quality of diamond coating on different substrates. The surface morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, JSM-7500F, Hitachi, Japan) to measure the crystalline grain size. An atomic force microscopy (AFM, MFP-3D, Asylum Research, USA) was applied for quantitative the surface roughness determination on a 20Ãâ€"20ÃŽ ¼m scanned area. The mechanical properties were measured by MTS nano indenter (G200, MTS, USA) at an approach velocity of 5nm/s. The thickness and the uniformity of the diamond coating were investigated by Micro CT (ÃŽ ¼CT100, SCANCO, Switzerland). Results and discussion 3.1. surface morphology The surface morphologies of coatings deposited on different substrates can be seen in Fig.1a and c respectively, and b and d are the high magnification of images. Both the samples were treated under the same conditions. It is evident that there is no big difference between coating deposited on tungsten carbide sphere and silicon nitride sphere. The obtained coatings on both substrates have cauliflower structure with a grain size of about 50 nm. The surface roughness is very important for solid lubricating application where a smooth coating surface can decrease the frictional wear. Table 1 shows the change in roughness due to the thickness change of coating on tungsten carbide using AFM method. The roughness of the coating followed the trend in thickness, which was increasing with the rise of the thickness of coating. The roughness of the coating with 5ÃŽ ¼m thickness was under 150nm. Both RMS roughness and the average (Ra) roughness were between 100nm and 210nm lower than the peak-valley (P-V) roughness. The latter had higher roughness values in the order of one micron, which accounted for the cauliflower structure on the surface of the coating as shown in Fig.1. The rough surface does harm to the solid lubricating application. So the roughness will be decreased through post treatment e.g. chemical mechanical polishing. 3.2. Uniformity and thickness The small sphere makes it hard to measure the thickness and the uniformity of the diamond coating. SEM image of the cross section is usually used to show the thickness and uniformity of the coating. However, only one intersecting surface is observed, which can’t represent the whole sphere. Micron CT can get a 3D image of the coating and directly give the whole feature of the coating. Because the metal absorbs the X-ray, the coating on silicon nitride which is inorganic material was measured. Fig.2 is the CT image of the diamond coating around sphere. Fig.2a and b are the 2D and 3D images of the sphere and c is the 3D CT image of the shell whose silicon nitride substrate is removed through analysis software simulation. As the images shown, the coating is uniform and no obvious protuberance on the surface can be observed. The cross section of coating in Fig.4a indicated that the concentricity between substrate and coating was maintained to assure uniform coating thickness. No separation between the silicon nitride substrate and coating was observed, suggesting that the diamond coating attached the sphere tightly. Fig.3 shows the thickness distribution of the coating. The thickness of coating is between 10 to 14ÃŽ ¼m among which 12ÃŽ ¼m is dominant. 3.3. Composition CVD diamond coatings with different thickness were characterized by Raman spectroscopy as shown in Fig.4, a and b were the coating with 5ÃŽ ¼m thickness, and c and d were the coating with 12ÃŽ ¼m thickness. The peak at 1332cm-1 is the characteristic of the diamond lattice which can be used to identify diamond. Two sharp peaks at 1337.87cm-1 and 1333.64cm-1 in Fig.4a and b proved that the composition of coating was in relation to diamond. Both of the two peaks have frequency shift caused by the compressive stress10. This accounted for the mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficient between diamond and substrate. Especially, the value of the tungsten carbide(4.36Ãâ€"10−6/ °C, 20 °C) is larger than 1.18Ãâ€"10-6/ °C (20 °C) of diamondà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’resulting in the far more upshift of the tungsten carbide shown in Fig.4a. The value of silicon nitride (2.8Ãâ€"10−6/ °C, 20 °C), which is close to that of diamond, produced less residual compressive stress. With the thickness of coating increasing, there was almost same frequency shift shown in Fig.4c and d. Compared with Fig.4a and b, the diamond peak of the thicker coating has a large upward shift that attributed to the increase in compressive stress with thickness increasing. The compressive stress is also related to other factors such as defects, composition of coating. The stress from defects and composition appeared to be dominant in thick coating. The features at 1145cm-1 and 1490cm-1 are possibly related to acetylene C–H chains proposed by R. Pfeiffer11 and his colleague. Their study considered this acetylene C–H chains existed in the boundaries of nanocrystal diamond. Those bands around 1140cm−1 and 1490cm−1 were usually observed in nanocrystalline diamond coating. So Fig.4a and b confirmed the deposited coatings were nanocrystalline diamond, which is consistent with the result of the SEM. In addition, the coating got flexibility to fit curved surface of sphere because of the acetylene C–H chains in coating. In Fig.4c and d, the peaks at 1580cm-1 is labeled as G peaks which are due to the sp2 sites. Compared with Fig.4a and b, the G peak of the graphite is obviously observed on Fig.4c and d. Although G peak at 1560cm-1 possibly overlapped the peak at 1490cm-1, it was obvious that the composition of the thicker coating was different from that of the thinner coating which affected by substrate to some extent. The band at 1146cm-1 is related to nanocrystalline diamond as discussed above. 3.4. Mechanical properties The modulus and the hardness of diamond coatings were characterized by the nano indenter designed by the MTS Company. The sphere was too small to find an applicable flat surface to get an accurate result. The diamond coating deposited on silicon wafer was prepared with the same conditions as the control. As known to all, the hardness and the modulus of the diamond coating prepared by CVD are normally lower than that of the natural diamond. The Fig.5a and c show the modulus and the hardness of the diamond coating deposited on sphere, while the Fig.5b and d exhibit the modulus and the hardness of the diamond coating on silicon wafer deposited in same conditions. The hardness of the coating on sphere was about 20GPa, only a half of that on silicon wafer, and the modulus was only one third of that on silicon wafer. The curved surface and cauliflower structure of the coating on sphere led to lower hardness and modulus measured. The true hardness and modulus of the coating should be higher than that of the measured. In terms of the measured value on silicon wafer, the hardness of coating on sphere was estimated to be 20-40GPa and the modulus was 200-600GPa. Therefore, the diamond coating was expected to improve the wear-resistance of tungsten carbide and silicon nitride substrates whose ha rdness are about 17GPa and 15.6-9.8GPa respectively11, 12. The modulus of coating also increased in comparison with that of silicon nitride substrate. It suggests that the mechanical properties of both the tungsten carbide and silicon nitride are improved for its ball bearing application. Conclusion For the purpose of protecting the spheres used for ball bearing, the diamond coatings were successfully deposited on the spheres. The coating is about 5-12ÃŽ ¼m in thickness depending on the deposition time and is uniform as the result of the Micro CT shown. The surface of coating is not smooth enough due to its cauliflower structure and needs further polish. The hardness tested by the nano indenter was 20-40GPa larger than that of tungsten carbide and silicon nitride. The Raman spectra reveal that the coating deposited on sphere is composed of diamond, acetylene C–H chains and graphite, which are responsible for the improvement of mechanical properties and fitness around sphere.